地理标志的经济分析
王笑冰
摘要(Abstract)：
地理标志的经济分析分为三个方面。一是对地理标志保护的信息经济学分析。这种分析表明,地理标志法律保护就是要确保地理标志传达产品质量、特征或者声誉之信息渠道的功能,同时还具有保护生产者投资和地区文化传统的功能。二是关于地理标志对产品增值效益和地理标志自身成本的分析。三是对地理标志产品供应链管理的分析,以论证公共或准公共机构的干预对地理标志产品生产营销管理的必要性和重要性。
关键词(KeyWords)： 地理标志;经济分析;信息不对称;经济价值;俱乐部产品
基金项目(Foundation): 山东大学人文社会科学青年成长基金项目阶段性成果。
作者(Author): 王笑冰
参考文献(References)：
- 1George J.Stigler,“The Economics of Information”,Journal of Political Economy,Vol.69,No.3,June1961,pp.213-225.
- 2Phillip Nelson“,Information and Consumer Behavior”,Journal of Political Economy,Vol.78,No.2,March-April1970,pp.311-329.
- 3Michael Darby and Edi Karni“,Free Competition and the Optimal Amount of Fraud”,Journal of Law and Economics,Vol.16,Issue1,1973,pp.67-88.
- 4George A.Akerlof,“The Market for‘Lemons’:Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism”,The Quarterly Journal of Economics,Vol.84,August1970,pp.488-500.
- 5Carl Shapiro“,Consumer Information,Product Quality,and Seller Reputation”,Bell Journal of Economics,Vol.13,Issue1,1982,pp.20-35and Carl Shapiro,“Premiums for High Quality Products as a Return to Reputations”,The Quarterly Journal of Economics,Vol.97,1983,pp.659-679.
- 6Dwijen Rangnekar,The Socio-Economics of Geographical Indications:A Review of Empirical Evidence from Europe,Draft,UNCTAD/ICTSD Capacity Building Project on Intellectual Property Rights and Sustainable Development,October2003,pp.3-4.
- 7William M.Landes and Richard A.Posner“,Trademark Law:An Economic Perspective”,Journal of Law and Economics,30(2)1987,pp.265-309;Nicholas S.Economides,“The Economics of Trademarks”,Trademark Reporter,78,1988,pp.523-539;Gene M.Grossman and Carl Shapiro,“Counterfeit-product Trade”,American Economic Review,78:1,1988,pp.59-75;R.Cooter and T.Ulen,Law and Economics,Reading,UK and Massachusetts,USA:Addison-Wesley,1997,cited from Dwijen Rangnekar,ibid,p.6.
- 8Gene M.Grossman and Carl Shapiro,“Counterfeit-product Trade”,American Economic Review,78:1,1988,p.60,cited from Dwijen Rangnekar,ibid,p.8.
- 9“Why do Geographical Indications matter to us?”MEMO/03/160,Brussels,30July2003.
- 10Pinna,Giovanni,“Che cosa bolle davvero in pentola”,Panorama,Year XL,No.32,Italy,2002,p.45,cited in Carlos M.Correa,Protection of Geographical Indications in CARICOM Countries,September2002,p.18,see on http://www.crnm.org/documents/studies/Geographical%20Indications%20-%20Correa.pdf.
- 11Carlos M.Correa,Protection of Geographical Indications in CARICOM Countries,p.18.
- 12Ibid,pp.19-20.
- 13Gordon Smith and Russel Parr,Valuation of Intellectual Property and Intangible Assets,John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,Second Edition,New York,1994,p.204,cited from Carlos M.Correa,ibid,p.20.
- 14此处的“超额”利润是指超出相关交易正常利润的剩余资本流量价值。
- 15Carlos M.Correa,Protection of Geographical Indications in CARICOM Countries,pp.21-22.
- 16Francois Vital,“Protection of geographical indications:The approach of the European Union”,WIPO,Symposium on the Interna-tional Protection of Geographical Indications,Somerset West,Cape Province,September1-2,1999,p.56,cited from Carlos M.Cor-rea,ibid,p.21.
- 17《国家工商行政管理局关于停止在酒类商品上使用香槟或Champagne字样的通知》,工商标字(1989)第296号。
- 18W.Moran,“Rural Space as intellectual property”,Political Geography,12(3),1993,pp.263-277;F.Arfini,:“The Value of Typi-cal Products:The Case of Prosciutto di Parma and Parmigiano Reggiano Cheese”,in B.Sylvander,D.Barjolle,F.Arfini,eds.,The Socio-economics of Origin Labelled Products in Agri-food Supply Chains:Spatial,Institutional and Co-ordination Aspects,Actes et Communications,17(1),2000,pp.77-97,cited in Dwijen Rangnekar,The Socio-Economics of Geographical Indications:A Review of Empirical Evidence from Europe,p.18.*注释19见下页。
- 19F.Thiedig and B.Sylvander,“Welcome to the Club?An Economical Approach to Geographical Indications in the European Union”,Agrarwirtschaft,49(12),2000,428-437,cited from Dwijen Rangnekar,ibid.
- 20PaulA.Samuelson“,The Pure Theory ofPublic Expenditure”,Review ofEconomicsand Statistics,36,November1954,pp.387-389.
- 21James M.Buchanan,“An Economic Theory of Clubs”,Economica,32,February1965,pp.1-14.
- 22R.Cornes and T.Sandler,The Theory of Externalities,Public Goods and Club Goods,2nd edition,Cambridge,UK,Cambridge University Press,1996,cited in Dwijen Rangnekar,The Socio-Economics of Geographical Indications:A Review of Empirical Evi-dence from Europe,p.19.
- 23W.Moran,“Rural Space as intellectual property”,Political Geography,12(3),1993,pp.263-277.
- 24在我国发生的金华毒火腿事件似乎可以作为一个典型例子。部分金华火腿生产企业为降低成本,在火腿中添加敌敌畏和其它违禁药物。这一事实被媒体曝光后,金华火腿的信誉受到了严重损害,整个金华火腿行业遭到沉重打击。参见:朱立毅、徐鹏飞:《金华某些企业--火腿竟用敌敌畏浸泡》,《人民日报》,2003年11月20日,第5版;朱立毅:《毒火腿事件冲击生产企业--金华火腿遭遇“株连”》,《市场报》,2003年12月24日,第11版。
- 25Luis Miguel Albisu,WP2:Link between Origin Labelled Products and Local Productions Systems,Supply Chain Analysis,Final Report,July2002,DOLPHINS-Contract QLK5-2000-00593.